有機農法と自然農法、違いとその方法

こんにちは、新農研です。
今日は、有機農法と自然農法の違いやその特徴についてです。
農法は慣行農法、有機農法、自然農法に分けられ、それぞれ大まかに以下のような違いがあります。

 

農法の比較

慣行農法
化学肥料や農薬、除草剤を使った普通の農法
有機農法
化学肥料や農薬、除草剤を使わず、堆肥、有機肥料などを用いて野菜を育てる農法
自然農法
化学肥料や農薬、除草剤を使わず、堆肥、有機肥料もあまり使わず、畑も耕かず、雑草(あるいは緑肥)も抜かずに切るだけ、という農法

有機農法と自然農法についてもう少し詳しく説明します。

 

有機農法

・野菜への栄養の与え方の違いは、
慣行農法:栄養(化学肥料)をダイレクトに野菜に吸収させる
有機農法:土壌生物に栄養(有機物)を分解してもらって、その分解された栄養を野菜が吸収する
といった感じです。
・有機農法だと、虫についても、微生物についても、慣行の農法より多様な生き物が畑に集まります。
自然の生態系に近い状態になるため、害虫が大量発生したり、病気になったりなどのリスクが低減できます。
化学肥料は栄養素が偏ってしまうので、土壌生物のバランスが崩れることがあります。
その結果、害虫や病気の原因になってしまいます。
・慣行農法では農薬を使いますが、農薬は害虫とともに害虫の天敵も駆除してしまうため、一時的には効きますがまた害虫が大量発生するリスクがあります。
・化学肥料は酸性であり、石灰を与えてphを調整できますが、石灰は土を固くしてしまいます。

 

自然農法

土をふかふかにするのは土作りの基本です。
慣行農法や有機農法では、堆肥や有機肥料を使って土壌生物(虫や微生物)を活性化させることによって土をふかふかにしています。
自然農法でも土はふかふかになります。

自然農法における土作りのポイントは、畑を耕さない、緑肥の根で耕す、有機マルチを敷くことの3点です。

畑を耕さない

畑を耕すと、生息している土壌生物が作った土壌構造を壊してしまいます。そのリスクを自然農法では回避しています。

緑肥の根で耕す

イネ科の緑肥は根が2mほど伸びるものもあり、この根が土を耕してくれます。
緑肥は畝の間の通路で育てて、大きくなったら根を抜かずに株元15cm上の部分で切り取ります。
切り取った茎や葉っぱは、以下のように畝の地表において有機マルチにします。

有機マルチを敷く

自然農法の畑では、有機肥料などの代わりに有機マルチを行うことによって、有機物を土壌生物に与えることができます。
マルチとは、畑の畝にビニールなどを被せることで、害虫、雑草を防いだり、保温、保湿などの効果をもたらすものです。
有機マルチは、有機物を畝に敷くことをいいます。有機物の種類は、切り取った雑草、野菜の残渣、わら、籾殻、緑肥などです。
有機物を地表に置くことで、微生物が緩やかに有機物を分解していき、微生物の活性化とともに野菜に養分を与えます。
ちなみに、これらの有機物を土に鋤き込んではいけません。葉っぱなどを土の中に鋤き込むと、発生した二酸化炭素やアンモニアガスが野菜の根っこを弱らせてしまいます。

自然農法の詳しいやり方はここでも載せてますので、よければ御覧ください。

 

まとめ

・有機農法は堆肥を使い畑を耕し、有機肥料で畑を肥やす。
・自然農法は、雑草や緑肥の根を使って畑を耕し、茎や葉を使って畑を肥やす。

参考
http://xn--98jxbh17co03s7oeww0eymj.jp/nouhou-81
http://marukawamiso.com/spec/20120209.html
http://www.nfoods-t.jp/article/15158812.html
http://macro-macrobiotic.seesaa.net/article/77655583.html

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