農業の付加価値ってなんだ?

農産物販売において、付加価値をいかに載せて販売できるかどうかが農業経営の成功に大きく寄与するのだと主張される事が近年多くなってきている。
しかし、農業における付加価値という言葉は、よく使われるだけに、かなり画一的に語られてしまう事が多いのが実情である。
今回、付加価値とは一体何であるのかを、根本から見直してみよう。そうする事で、貴方の農業経営において新しいアイデアを生み出すきっかけになるかもしれないし、いずれは経営判断の助けになるかもしれない。

 

付加価値とは

付加価値とはなんであるかと農家に質問すると
「有機栽培などの栽培手法の違いでより高単価で販売すること」だとか、
「消費者に直接届ける等のサービスを付属して、より高単価で販売すること」など、
かなり具体的な販売面の手法についての返答が返ってくることが多い。
要は、6次産業化、希少価値のある新しい作物の採用など、様々な手法を用いて高単価で販売することが高付加価値だと思っていることが多い。

しかし本来、付加価値について考える場合、そもそも、もっと大きな括りで話をしなければならないのである。

【付加価値】
1 生産過程で新たに加えられた価値。一定期間の総生産額から原材料費・燃料費などと減価償却費を差し引いたもので、人件費・利子・利潤の合計になる。
2 ある商品やサービスなどに付け加えられた、他にはない独自の価値。「付加価値を付けて売る」
   出典 小学館デジタル大辞泉

【付加価値】

ある企業の総生産額から,他企業より購入した原材料・燃料等の費用を差し引いたもの。その企業で新たに造出された価値であり,賃金,利子,地代,利潤の合計に等しい(純付加価値)。
   出典 百科事典マイペディア

オンライン辞書の説明でもそうであるように、付加価値というものは、
販売手段によって商品の価格を上げる事には限定されない。

分かりやすく書くと

付加価値=総売上-他者に支払う費用

といって差し支えないであろう。

農家で言えば、販売収入から、種苗費・肥料費・農薬費諸々の生産原価を差し引いたものを言うのである。
それでは利益、所得そのものと何が違うのかと言えば、例えば人件費などは利益を減らす要因であるが、
付加価値については逆に上がることになる。

付加価値とは、その経営体が生み出した価値、本来なかったものを作り出した価値の総量なのである。
雇用を生み出していることは、これ即ち価値を生み出していると計算される。
農業は第一次産業なので、本来から高付加価値産業である。

例えば農産物を100円で販売し、生産原価を差し引いて50円が手元に残った場合、農家が生み出した付加価値は50円である。この中から人件費や家族労働者への分配、地代等の支払をする事になる。
100円で購入した卸業者は、120円で八百屋に販売する。卸業者は20円の付加価値を生み出した事になる。八百屋は120で購入したトマトを、消費者に120円で販売したとすると、八百屋が生み出した付加価値は差し引き30円である。

このように日本国内の経済活動の中で積み上げられた付加価値の合計が、皆さんご存知の国民総生産(GDP)となる。
GDPとは、付加価値の総数であることは意外と知られていない。

農業は、自然環境に労働力を投入して商品を生みだす産業であるため、自ずから高付加価値経営を行っているのである。

まとめ

付加価値というものがどういうものなのかはお分かり頂けただろうか。
では農家目線で、付加価値を更に高めたいと思ったときに、何が出来るのかを考えてみる。
冒頭申し上げた、高単価での販売に捉われる必要はない。例えば生産原価を抑えれば、販売価格が据え置かれていたとしても、付加価値は上昇する。生産技術の向上や、画期的な資材の投入による効率化によって規模拡大が図れたとしても、やはり付加価値は高まるのだ。

勿論、高単価販売戦略も、一つの大きな効果が期待できる付加価値上乗せの手段であることには変わりない。卸業者や八百屋の部分まで農家が行う事によって、他者が積み増していた付加価値を自分で囲い込む、所謂6次産業化というのも一つであるし、そこに「農家自ら」という安心や安全、または情報という価値を提供し、対価を頂くという手段も一つである。
独自の農法や、耕作放棄地利用・環境保全・障碍者雇用など、思想や社会的貢献によって、それを評価してくれる消費者を開拓するような方法もある。

しかし、忘れてはいけない事は、それらを形だけ取り入れてみた上で、果たして本当に付加価値が高まっているのか、という点である。高単価を設定することは簡単である。高単価に設定すれば良いのだ。
しかし多くの農業参入した企業が、高単価を打ち出し経営に乗り出したものの、その価値が認められず、もしくは価値を認める人の数が足りずに頓挫してしまっている。希少価値、ニッチ分野は、あくまで希少な需要しかないのである。

卸売・加工・販売を専門にしている業者は、それぞれ生活をかけて競い合っているプロ集団であり、それぞれの技と情報、ノウハウを蓄えている。そこに参戦し、最も付加価値の高い生産分野を疎かにせず、むしろ強化しつつも勝負をしなければならないという事を忘れてはならない。

間違っても、新規参入経営体が安易に取り組むべき道ではなく、慣行農業から派生されるべきものであり、筆者が知る範囲では、高付加価値農業の成功者は、慣行のプロ生産者による+アルファによってのみ生まれているようにしか見えてならない。

 

つる@ノウカノタネ
農業ポッドキャスト番組「ノウカノタネ」のプロデューサー&パーソナリティ。
福岡市でナスやカブ等の野菜を生産しつつ、果樹園芸指導員としても勤務。
農閑期には農業ライターとして農家に身近な話題を提供している。

 

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

こんにちは。新農研です。

今回もノウカノタネのツルさんにご寄稿頂きました。

ノウカノタネさんではポッドキャストを放送されています。

私もよく拝聴しておりますが、実際に農業に携わっている方の生の声を聞けて参考になります。

ぜひ皆さんもノウカノタネさんのポッドキャストをチェックしてみてください。

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

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